1.独立主格结构的特征
当句子的主语不是作状语的分词或不定式等的逻辑主语，而是有独立的逻辑主语时，这就构成了独立主格结构。
The last bus having left，we had to walk home.
最后的班车开走了，我们只好步行回家。（the last bus为逻辑主语）
The homework done，the students left the classroom.
作业做完了，学生们离开了教室。（the last bus为逻辑主语）
2.独立主格结构的形式
（1）逻辑主语+现在分词
All the students having sat down，the lecture began.所有学生坐好之后，讲座开始了。
His hand waving in the air，the little boy ran away.小男孩挥着手跑开了。
It being Sunday，we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。
The boy lay on the grass，his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。
（2）逻辑主语+过去分词
The test finished，we’ll have our summer vacation.考试结束，我们将开始暑假了。
The signal given，the train started.信号发出后，火车启动。
He lay there，his teeth set，his hand clenched.他躺在那里，牙关紧咬，双拳紧握。
Jim was listening to the lecture，his eyes fixed upon the speaker.
吉姆听着讲座，眼睛盯着演讲者。
【比较】
①He lay there，his hands trembling.
他躺在那里，双手颤抖。（hands 和tremble是主谓关系）
②He lay there，his eyes closed.
他躺在那里，双眼紧闭。（eyes 和close是动宾关系）
（3）逻辑主语+不定式
No one to wake me up，I might be late for the first class.
如果没人叫醒我，我第一节课会迟到的。
Lots of work to do，I have to work extra hours.
由于有很多的活要做，我只得加班工作。
【比较】
①So much work to do，I will have to work this Sunday.
有这么多的活要做，这个星期天我不得不加班。（to do表示“将要做”）
②So much work done，I had a nice holiday.
这么多的工作做完了，我过了一个愉快的假期。（done表示“已经做”）
（4）逻辑主语+形容词
Computers very small，we can use them widely.电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
The little girl entered the room，her face red with cold.小女孩走进房间，脸冻红了。
（5）逻辑主语+副词
The game over，the audience applauded.比赛结束，观众鼓掌。
The lights off，we could not go on with the work.灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。
（6）逻辑主语+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again.他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident，many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
（7）逻辑主语+介词短语
Many people were lined along the streets，flags in hands.
很多人排队站在街道旁，手里拿着旗子。
Dark clouds in the sky，it is going to rain soon.天空黑云密布，很快就要下雨。
The guard stood by the door，gun in hand.警卫站在门旁，手里拿着枪。
She came in，smile on face.她进来了，脸上带着笑。
【提示】 为使句子简洁、明快，往往省略独立主格中的冠词或代词。
3.不能省略being的情形
（1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词。
It being Sunday，we went climbing.因为是星期天，我们去爬山。
He being still out on business，we had to put off the activity.
由于他还在外出差，所以我们把活动推迟了。
（2）“There being+名词”句式中不能省略being。
There being no bus，we had to go home on foot.
因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
There being too many film-goers，they haven’t bought the tickets.
由于看电影的人太多，所以他们还没买到票。
4.“with短语”独立主格结构
（1）with+宾语+形容词
With the floor wet，I had to stay outside.由于地板上都是水，我不得不待在外面。
With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。
（2）with+宾语+副词
The boy was walking，with his father ahead.父亲在前，小男孩在后走着。
With her sister out，she had to stay at home alone.
因为她的姐姐出去了，她只得独自呆在家里。
（3）with+宾语+介词短语
He stood at the door，with a computer in his hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一台电脑。
The book is much easier to read with pictures in it.附有图画，这本书更容易读。
（4）with+宾语+不定式
With the boy to lead the way，we will find the cave easily tomorrow.
有小男孩带路，我们明天会很容易找到山洞。
（5）with+宾语+现在分词
With the boy helping me，I slipped out of the room.在小男孩的帮助下，我溜出了房间。
We redoubled our efforts，each man working like two.我们加倍努力，一人干两人的活。
（6）with+宾语+过去分词
The boy was crying with the toy broken.玩具破了，那男孩在哭。
Without a word more spoken，she left the room.她没再说什么话就离开了房间。